project manager

planning engineer

operations manager

senior planning engineer Jobs in Doha Qatar

senior planning engineer

senior project manager Jobs in Doha Qatar

senior project manager

planning manager

Ariane Real Estate

<div>
 
 Our holding company is seeking a
 
 highly experienced Planning Manager
 
 to lead the
 
 enterprise-level planning &amp; cost control function
 
 across our large portfolio of real estate and construction projects.
 
 
 
 The ideal candidate has managed planning for multiple
 
 mega-projects
 
 and successfully transformed traditional planning processes into
 
 fully integrated, automated dashboards
 
 across an organization.
 
 
 
 
 Key Responsibilities
 
 
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Lead all planning &amp; scheduling functions across multiple large-scale real estate and construction projects.
 
 </li>
 <li>
 Manage enterprise-wide planning using
 
 Primavera P6
 
 and
 
 Oracle EPPM
 
 .
 
 </li>
 <li>
 Develop automated
 
 Power BI dashboards
 
 connected to P6, ERP, and company data sources.
 
 </li>
 <li>
 Establish planning governance, SOPs, and portfolio-level reporting structures.
 
 </li>
 <li>
 Develop
 
 S-curves, resource histograms, and cash flow projections
 
 .
 
 </li>
 <li>
 Integrate schedules with cost, procurement, and site progress data.
 
 </li>
 <li>
 Conduct
 
 Time Impact Analysis (TIA)
 
 and delay analysis for projects.
 
 </li>
 <li>
 Provide high-level reporting and insights to the CEO/COO.
 
 </li>
 <li>
 Lead the
 
 digital transformation
 
 of the planning department.
 
 </li>
 <li>
 Build and mentor planning teams; oversee workforce planning for the function.
 
 
 
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 Requirements
 
 
 
 
 Required Qualifications
 
 
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Bachelor&rsquo;s degree in Engineering (Civil preferred).
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 15+ years
 
 of experience in construction &amp; real estate projects.
 
 </li>
 <li>
 Proven leadership experience managing planning for multiple
 
 mega-projects
 
 (towers, mixed-use developments, infrastructure, hospitality, master developments).
 
 </li>
 <li>
 Expert-level knowledge in:
 
 </li>
 <ul>
 <li>
 
 Primavera P6
 
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 Oracle EPPM
 
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 Power BI
 
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 <li>
 Strong experience developing automated dashboards and integrated reporting systems.
 
 </li>
 <li>
 Solid technical experience in:
 
 </li>
 <ul>
 <li>
 Cash flow planning
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 EVM (EV, PV, AC, SPI, CPI)
 
 
 </li>
 <li>
 S-curves &amp; resource planning
 
 </li>
 <li>
 Portfolio-level planning
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 <li>
 Excellent leadership, communication, and analytical skills.
 
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 
 
 Preferred Experience
 
 
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Oracle Primavera Cloud (OPC).
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 4D BIM integration
 
 (Synchro / Navisworks).
 
 </li>
 <li>
 ERP integration (SAP / Oracle / MS Dynamics).
 
 </li>
 <li>
 Experience leading digital transformation initiatives within planning departments.
 
 
 
 
 </li>
 </ul>
</div>

Planning Manager

Ariane Holding

Location: Doha-Qatar Industry: Real Estate &amp; ConstructionOur holding company is seeking a highly experienced Planning Manager to lead the enterprise-level planning &amp; cost control function across our large portfolio of real estate and construction projects.The ideal candidate has managed planning for multiple mega-projects and successfully transformed traditional planning processes into fully integrated, automated dashboards across an organization.Key Responsibilities<ul><li>Lead all planning &amp; scheduling functions across multiple large-scale real estate and construction projects.</li><li>Manage enterprise-wide planning using Primavera P6 and Oracle EPPM.</li><li>Develop automated Power BI dashboards connected to P6, ERP, and company data sources.</li><li>Establish planning governance, SOPs, and portfolio-level reporting structures.</li><li>Develop S-curves, resource histograms, and cash flow projections.</li><li>Integrate schedules with cost, procurement, and site progress data.</li><li>Conduct Time Impact Analysis (TIA) and delay analysis for projects.</li><li>Provide high-level reporting and insights to the CEO/COO.</li><li>Lead the digital transformation of the planning department.</li><li>Build and mentor planning teams; oversee workforce planning for the function.</li></ul>Required Qualifications<ul><li>Bachelor&rsquo;s degree in Engineering (Civil preferred).</li><li>15+ years of experience in construction &amp; real estate projects.</li><li>Proven leadership experience managing planning for multiple mega-projects (towers, mixed-use developments, infrastructure, hospitality, master developments).</li><li>Expert-level knowledge in:</li><li>Primavera P6</li><li>Oracle EPPM</li><li>Power BI</li><li>Strong experience developing automated dashboards and integrated reporting systems.</li><li>Solid technical experience in:</li><li>Cash flow planning</li><li>EVM (EV, PV, AC, SPI, CPI)</li><li>S-curves &amp; resource planning</li><li>Portfolio-level planning</li><li>Excellent leadership, communication, and analytical skills.</li></ul>Preferred Experience<ul><li>Oracle Primavera Cloud (OPC).</li><li>4D BIM integration (Synchro / Navisworks).</li><li>ERP integration (SAP / Oracle / MS Dynamics).</li><li>Experience leading digital transformation initiatives within planning departments.</li></ul>Job Type: Full-time

Saipem

<div>
 Saipem is a global leader in the engineering and construction of large-scale projects in the energy and infrastructure sectors, both offshore and onshore. Organized into business lines&mdash;Asset Based Services, Drilling, Energy Carriers, Offshore Wind, Sustainable Infrastructures, Robotics &amp; Industrialized Solutions&mdash;we are united as &ldquo;One Company.&rdquo;
 
 
 Guided by our purpose, Engineering for a Sustainable Future, we are committed to driving the energy transition towards Net Zero, through cutting-edge digital technologies, innovative processes, and environmentally sustainable solutions. Listed on the Milan Stock Exchange, Saipem operates in more than 50 countries with a workforce of 30,000 people representing over 130 nationalities.
 
 
 As a
 
 Senior / Lead Engineer - Planning, you will respond to the Project Controls Manager
 
 and be part of the COMP2 &ndash; Planning Team within the Project Controls Department.
 
 
 
 How can you support us? Here are your responsibilities:
 
 
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Create, update, and maintain detailed project schedules for offshore O&amp;G projects involving process platforms
 </li>
 <li>
 Monitor progress, identify deviations from baseline schedules, and propose/implement corrective actions
 </li>
 <li>
 Coordinate with engineering, procurement, construction, installation, and commissioning teams to ensure alignment with project milestones
 </li>
 <li>
 Perform schedule risk analysis and maintain risk registers
 </li>
 <li>
 Prepare weekly and monthly project progress reports
 </li>
 <li>
 Support contract change management, claims preparation, and delay analysis
 </li>
 <li>
 Participate in project close-out, lessons learned, and feedback to relevant departments
 </li>
 <li>
 Supervise and guide a team of Senior Planning Engineers and Planning Engineers
 
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 
 Education
 
 
 
 
 Education &amp; Experience
 
 
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Bachelor&rsquo;s Degree in related discipline.
 
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 
 Experience
 
 
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 7&ndash;10 years of experience in offshore Oil &amp; Gas projects, specifically process platforms Proven experience supervising and leading planning teams
 
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 
 Languages
 
 
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 English (required); additional languages are an asset.
 
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 
 Skills &amp; Qualifications
 
 
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Proficiency in Primavera P6, MS Project, SAP, PRISM, and Microsoft Office
 </li>
 <li>
 Strong knowledge of project planning standards, WBS development, cost control principles, and progress measurement systems
 </li>
 <li>
 Experience in schedule risk management, documentation control, and contract change/claim processes
 </li>
 <li>
 Ability to analyze project performance and generate actionable insights
 </li>
 <li>
 Strong soft skills: team management, communication, problem-solving, and stakeholder coordination
 
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 
 What We Offer
 
 
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Permanent Contract &ndash; Project-Based Position
 </li>
 <li>
 Comprehensive Corporate Benefits Package
 </li>
 <li>
 One Saipem Way soft skills model: fostering career growth, innovation, collaboration, and continuous development
 
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 
 Location:
 
 Doha Office
 
 
 
 Additional Information
 
 
 
 
 Your Growth Matters
 
 &ndash; Even if you don&rsquo;t meet all requirements, we encourage you to apply and explore future opportunities through our spontaneous application form.
 
 
 
 Diversity &amp; Inclusion
 
 &ndash; At Saipem, innovation thrives on diversity. We embrace mutual respect, collaboration, and inclusion, believing that our differences drive progress.
 
 
 
 Safety &amp; Sustainability
 
 &ndash; Operating in challenging environments, our top priority is the safety of people and the protection of ecosystems.
 
 
 Learn more on our [Career Page]
 
 
 
 Privacy Policy
 
 
 
 In accordance with Qatar&rsquo;s Personal Data Privacy Protection Law (PDPPL), Law No. 13 of 2016, and GDPR regulations, all interested candidates (L. 903/03) are invited to consult our full privacy policy (art. 13, 14, D.Lgs 196/03 and art. 13 GDPR 679/16).
 
 
</div>

Senior / Lead Engineer - Planning

Mercer Middle East

<div>
 
 Mercer Middle East
 
 
 
 
 HR Transformation Practice
 
 
 
 🚀
 
 Join Our Team as a Senior Engagement Manager &ndash; Workforce Planning &amp; Organizational Design!
 
 
 
 Are you a seasoned strategic leader with extensive experience in transforming organizations within the GCC region? Do you excel at delivering innovative, high-impact solutions that shape the future of work? If so, we want to hear from you!
 
 
 At Mercer Middle East&rsquo;s HR Transformation Practice, we&rsquo;re seeking a
 
 Senior Engagement Manager
 
 to lead complex, high-stakes projects in workforce planning and organizational design across Saudi Arabia and the GCC. This is your opportunity to influence organizational change at a regional level, working with top-tier clients and a dynamic, collaborative team.
 
 
 🌟
 
 What You Will Do
 
 
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Lead and oversee large-scale, multi-disciplinary projects that redefine organizational structures, talent strategies, and workforce models aligned with strategic client objectives.
 </li>
 <li>
 Develop and execute innovative workforce planning frameworks utilizing advanced analytics, predictive modeling, and scenario planning to anticipate future talent needs.
 </li>
 <li>
 Drive organizational design initiatives that incorporate change management, cultural transformation, and leadership development to ensure sustainable impact.
 </li>
 <li>
 Provide strategic advisory services to C-suite executives and senior stakeholders, translating complex data into actionable insights and strategic recommendations.
 </li>
 <li>
 Champion thought leadership by contributing to industry best practices, regional market intelligence, and Mercer&rsquo;s intellectual capital.
 </li>
 <li>
 Manage and mentor project teams and client teams, fostering a high-performance culture and ensuring delivery excellence.
 </li>
 <li>
 Build and nurture long-term client relationships, positioning Mercer as a trusted partner for organizational transformation.
 </li>
 <li>
 Stay at the forefront of regional regulatory developments, labor market trends, and innovative HR practices to deliver cutting-edge solutions.
 </li>
 <li>
 Contribute to business development efforts through proposal development, client presentations, and thought leadership initiatives.
 
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 🌍
 
 Why Join Us?
 
 
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Be part of a global leader in consulting, shaping the future of work in the GCC.
 </li>
 <li>
 Lead impactful projects that drive meaningful change for organizations and communities.
 </li>
 <li>
 Accelerate your career with leadership development, strategic influence, and regional visibility.
 </li>
 <li>
 Work in a vibrant, inclusive culture that values innovation, collaboration, and continuous learning.
 </li>
 <li>
 Enjoy competitive benefits, flexible work arrangements, and a supportive environment to help you excel.
 
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 🎯
 
 What We&rsquo;re Looking For
 
 
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 10+ years of consulting or strategic advisory experience, with a strong focus on organizational design, workforce planning, and change management.
 </li>
 <li>
 Proven success leading complex projects at a senior level within the GCC region, with a track record of delivering measurable results.
 </li>
 <li>
 Deep expertise in advanced workforce analytics, predictive modeling, and organizational diagnostics.
 </li>
 <li>
 Strong strategic thinking, business acumen, and the ability to influence C-suite stakeholders.
 </li>
 <li>
 Exceptional leadership, mentorship, and team management skills.
 </li>
 <li>
 Fluency in Arabic (spoken and written) is essential &mdash; effective communication within the regional context is key.
 </li>
 <li>
 Willingness to travel and be on-site in Saudi Arabia and other GCC countries as required.
 
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 
 Ready to Lead the Future of Work?
 
 
 
 If you&rsquo;re a visionary leader passionate about organizational transformation and want to make a lasting impact in the GCC,
 
 apply now
 
 and join Mercer&rsquo;s innovative team!
 
 
 Mercer, a business of Marsh McLennan (NYSE: MMC), is a global leader in helping clients realize their investment objectives, shape the future of work and enhance health and retirement outcomes for their people. Marsh McLennan is a global leader in risk, strategy and people, advising clients in 130 countries across four businesses: Marsh, Guy Carpenter, Mercer and Oliver Wyman. With annual revenue of $24 billion and more than 90,000 colleagues, Marsh McLennan helps build the confidence to thrive through the power of perspective. For more information, visit mercer.com, or follow on LinkedIn and X.
 
 
 Marsh McLennan is committed to embracing a diverse, inclusive and flexible work environment. We aim to attract and retain the best people and embrace diversity of age, background, disability, ethnic origin, family duties, nationality, parental status, personal or social status, political affiliation, race, religion and beliefs, sex/gender, skin color, or any other characteristic protected by applicable law.
 
 
 Marsh McLennan is committed to hybrid work, which includes the flexibility of working remotely and the collaboration, connections and professional development benefits of working together in the office. All Marsh McLennan colleagues are expected to be in their local office or working onsite with clients at least three days per week. Office-based teams will identify at least one &ldquo;anchor day&rdquo; per week on which their full team will be together in person.
 
 
 
 R_294057
 
</div>

Senior Engagement Manager – Workforce Planning & Organizational Design

Parsons

<div>In a world of possibilities, pursue one with endless opportunities. Imagine Next! 

At Parsons, you can imagine a career where you thrive, work with exceptional people, and be yourself. Guided by our leadership vision of valuing people, embracing agility, and fostering growth, we cultivate an innovative culture that empowers you to achieve your full potential. Unleash your talent and redefine what&rsquo;s possible. 
Job Description:
Lead, Planning &amp; Performance Management
Qatar
Parsons is looking for an amazingly talented Lead, Planning &amp; Performance Management to join our team! In this role you will get to Translate the corporate vision and strategy into 5 years business plans through a series of business planning activities. Monitor corporate and divisional/ departmental performance against established KPls, preparing monthly performance dashboards and quarterly executive reports with actionable insights.
What You'll Be Doing:<ul><li>
Lead the development of 5-Year Strategic and Business plans</li><li>
Work closely with the departmental heads in preparing their business and operational plans</li><li>
Help departments to develop implementation and contingency plans</li><li>
Facilitate approvals for the business plans.</li><li>
Verify and validate amendments required to the plans based on any corporate strategy and/or business need changes.</li><li>
Gather information on departmental/divisional objectives and targets.</li><li>
Work closely with the departmental heads to cascade corporate objectives and measure actual vs targeted performance.</li><li>
Monitor QD performance regularly against established KPls.</li><li>
Update dashboards and prepare periodical reports.</li><li>
Coordinate with IT and HR departments to ensure there is an adequate linkage to individual and corporate performance.</li><li>
Provide input and recommend continuous improvement and benchmarking of practices at organizational level taking into account 'international best practice', changes in international standards and changes in the business environment which demand proactive action plans</li><li>
Manage and maintain performance management policies aligned with organizational strategy, ensuring compliance with approved performance management frameworks and regulatory requirements</li><li>
Perform other duties and responsibilities as needed as well as determine and manage priorities with minimal guidance</li></ul>
What Required Skills You'll Bring:<ul><li>
Bachelor's degree in business administration or related field</li><li>
5+ years of experience in corporate strategy and/or planning &amp; performance monitoring</li><li>
Economics and business administration combined understanding with management and operations analysis of broader economic trends.</li><li>
Skills for both micro-level business strategy, macro-level economic, finance, management, and analysis understanding.</li><li>
Hands on experience on the development of Departmental, Divisional &amp; Organizational Business Plans covering (connectional, market research, goal and objective setting, business model and strategy development).</li><li>
Extensive knowledge and experience of strategic analysis models such as PESTEL and 5 Forces.</li><li>
Hands on experience in the formulation of setting corporate objectives into actionable operational plans, ensuring KPIs are measurable, realistic, and linked to the overall strategy.</li></ul> 
 What Desired Skills You'll Bring:<ul><li>
Professional fluency in English</li><li>
Excellent communication skills (verbal and written)</li><li>
Great business acumen</li><li>
Work ethics and integrity</li><li>
Strong negotiation and flexibility skills</li><li>
Perform other duties and responsibilities as needed as well as determine and manage priorities with minimal guidance.</li><li>
Experienced in working in multi-cultural</li></ul>
Parsons equally employs representation at all job levels no matter the race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age, disability or genetic information.
We truly invest and care about our employee&rsquo;s wellbeing and provide endless growth opportunities as the sky is the limit, so aim for the stars! Imagine next and join the Parsons quest&mdash;APPLY TODAY!<div>
Parsons is aware of fraudulent recruitment practices. To learn more about recruitment fraud and how to report it, please refer to https://www.parsons.com/fraudulent-recruitment/.</div></div>
 <div><div><div>COMPETITIVE BENEFIT OFFERINGS</div></div><div><div><div> 
Financial Wellness</div><div> 
We care about your financial wellbeing. Parsons offers competitive pay and retirement plans to help you build wealth for the future while giving you the flexibility to diversify your investments.</div></div><div><div>
Work Life Harmony</div><div> 
Balance in life is important and time away from the office is imperative to allow you to refresh and focus your attention on the things that matter to you. Parsons supports your time away by providing paid time off and paid flexible holidays.</div></div><div><div>
Career Development</div><div> 
We are committed to fostering the personal and professional growth of our employees. Develop and advance yourself though our comprehensive training, educational and mentorship programs.</div></div><div><div> 
Veteran Support</div><div> 
We provide Industry leading benefits to support veterans and active-duty members to provide security for you and your family by offering robust leave and benefits; including paid active-duty military leave and paid time off when transitioning back to civilian life.</div></div><div><div>
Mind &amp; Body</div><div> 
At Parsons we inspire healthier habits, heathier minds, and a healthier you through our wellness program. Participate in our weekly Meditation Mondays and Wellness Wednesdays. Wellness, at Parsons, is more than just your annual checkup.</div></div><div><div>
Health</div><div> 
Health is not a one size fits all. At Parsons, we offer a robust Employee Assistance Program as well as comprehensive medical, dental and vision plans through large, national carriers with the choice of regional PPO, HDHP, or HMO networks.</div></div></div></div>

Lead, Planning & Performance Management

Egis Group

<div>Company Description 
Egis is an international player active in architecture, consulting, construction engineering and mobility services. We create and operate intelligent infrastructures and buildings that respond to the climate emergency and contribute to more balanced, sustainable and resilient territorial development. Operating in 100 countries, Egis puts the expertise of its 19,500 employees at the service of its clients and develops cutting-edge innovations accessible to all projects. Through its wide range of activities, Egis is a key player in the collective organisation of society and the living environment of citizens all over the world.
With 3,500 employees across 8 countries in the Middle East, Egis has delivered over 700 complex development projects, stimulating economic growth and enhancing quality of life. Ranked among the top ten firms in the Middle East by Engineering News Record (ENR), Egis is committed to sustainable development. The Group&rsquo;s operations in the Middle East are built on strategic acquisitions and a deep understanding of local market conditions. Egis&rsquo; long history of providing comprehensive engineering, consulting, and project management services makes it a trusted partner for regional governments, investors, and developers. 
Job Description 
Role Overview
We are looking for a highly experienced Senior Public Transport Planner to support the Qatar Public Transport Master Plan. The ideal candidate will have extensive expertise in multimodal transport planning, strategic mobility frameworks, and public transport operations, with strong experience in the Middle East and, preferably, direct work in Qatar.
Key Responsibilities 
<ul><li>
Lead and coordinate public transport strategies across metro, bus, BRT/tram, DRT and emerging mobility modes (such as shared autonomous vehicles).</li><li>
Prepare high-quality technical reports, presentations, and master plan deliverables.</li><li>
Review and enhance multimodal integration, especially first/last-mile and park-and-ride solutions adapted to Qatar&rsquo;s context.</li><li>
Provide strategic input on policy frameworks, governance structures, and regulatory aspects.</li><li>
Support scenario development, long-term modelling, and evaluation of strategic alternatives.</li><li>
Coordinate with key stakeholders such as MOT, Mowasalat, Qatar Rail, and Ashghal.</li><li>
Mentor junior team members and contribute to knowledge transfer within the team.</li><li>
Ensure recommendations align with international best practice while reflecting GCC and Qatar-specific conditions.</li></ul> 

Qualifications 
<ul><li>
Minimum 15 years of experience in public transport planning.</li><li>
Proven track record in national or regional transport/master planning.</li><li>
Strong Middle East experience; Qatar experience is highly preferred.</li><li>
Proficiency in network design, service planning, and multimodal integration.</li><li>
Familiarity with transport modelling tools (VISUM) is an advantage.</li><li>
Strong communication skills (English, Arabi cis a plus).</li><li>
Master&rsquo;s degree in Transport Planning, Urban Planning, Civil Engineering, or related discipline (PhD is a plus).</li></ul></div>

Senior Public Transport Planning Expert

Qatari Diar

<div>
 
 We are looking for a
 
 Lead, Planning &amp; Performance Management
 
 who will be responsible for translating corporate vision and strategy into business plans through series of business planning activities, while monitoring corporate and divisional/ departmental performance against established KPIs.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This will be an outsourced and off-structure role.
 
 
 
 
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 The Lead, Planning &amp; Performance Management should be a
 
 bachelor's degree holder in Business Administration
 
 with
 
 min. 5 Years
 
 of experience in corporate strategy and/ or planning &amp; performance monitoring.
 </li>
 <li>
 He/ she should have understanding in economics and business administration with skills for both micro-level business strategy, macro-level economic, finance, management and analysis understanding.
 </li>
 <li>
 
 Locally available candidates with valid QID
 
 </li>
 </ul>
 
 
 
 
 
 Job Profile:
 
 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Leading the development of 5-year strategic and business plans and supporting other departmental heads in preparing their business and operational plans.
 </li>
 <li>
 Gathering information on departmental/ divisional objectives and targets and helping departments with developing implementation and contingency plans and facilitating approvals.
 </li>
 <li>
 Verifying and validating amendments required to the plans based on any corporate strategy and/ or business need changes.
 </li>
 <li>
 Working with departmental heads in cascading corporate objectives and measure actual/ targeted performance.
 </li>
 <li>
 Monitoring QD performance regularly against established KPIs while preparing dashboards and periodical reports.
 </li>
 <li>
 Providing inputs and recommendations for continuous improvement and benchmarking of practices at organizational level while focusing on global best practice, changes in international standards and business environment.
 </li>
 <li>
 Managing and maintaining performance management policies aligned with organizational strategy, ensuring compliance with approved performance management frameworks and regulatory requirements.
 </li>
 </ul>
</div>

Lead, Planning & Performance Management ( Outsourced)

Explore 1480+ Planning manager in Doha Qatar this December. Find roles across top companies and apply now to boost your career.

1480 planning manager jobs IN Doha Qatar

Planning Manager

Planning Manager

Senior / Lead Engineer - Planning

Senior Engagement Manager – Workforce Planning & Organizational Design

Lead, Planning & Performance Management

Senior Public Transport Planning Expert

Lead, Planning & Performance Management ( Outsourced)